Source new property transactions for Knight Frank portfolio
Mediate the dealings between sellers and buyers ensuring good conduct and the honest exchange of information towards a beneficial understanding
Appraise the value of properties by thoroughly researching the market or past purchases and advise client as required
Property purchase and sales on behalf of Knight Frank clientele in order to grow Knight Frank bottom line
Prepare all contractual and legal documentations related to leases, sales and purchase of properties
Manage lease renewals on behalf of clients
Accompany buyers during visits to and inspections of property, advising them on the suitability and value of the property they are visiting
Arrange for title searches to determine whether clients have clear property titles.
Investigate clients’ financial and credit status to determine eligibility for financing and source of funding (KYC)
Develop proposals for current and prospective clients.
Education & Experience
1st degree in Estate Management or related field with a minimum of 2nd class grade or its equivalent
6-8 years real estate brokerage experience
Knowledge, Skills and Attributes required to execute the job
Marketing skills – a strong understanding of marketing tools and practices, such as social media and local advertising
Multitasking – ability to handle negotiations for various clients, communicate with agents and other involved parties, and prepare documents
Sales skills – ability to close deals and follow up on leads
Communication skills – strong oral and written communication skills when preparing documents, speaking with clients, and interacting with real estate professionals
Strong knowledge of current real estate laws
Strong negotiation and dispute resolution skills
Knowledge of real estate market in Lagos and current real estate standards
Strong analytical skills- ability to spot, assess and address risk, materiality and interdependencies and make make recommendations to alleviate risks
Sound presentation and pitching skills
Excellent organizational and interpersonal skills, and ability to work as part of a multigeographic team.
Adaptable to working in a fast paced, ever-changing environment
Ability to work well independently as well as the ability to work well with stakeholders
LexisNexis® Risk Solutions, a leading data, analytics and technology provider, today announced the availability of LexisNexis® Flyreel® for the commercial insurance market. As for Flyreel, it is an advanced property survey solution delivered through an industry-leading user experience that equips carriers with actionable data using AI-driven insights that help carriers assess property risk at both new business and renewal.
Flyreel and its AI-assistant seamlessly guide commercial policyholders through the capture of property insights via a convenient, self-guided experience, using advanced computer vision technology to automatically capture and document property insights for the policyholder and the insurer. The AI-powered solution consolidates these critical insights into an actionable report based on the carrier’s unique underwriting practices and risk appetite.
“LexisNexis Flyreel has gained exciting momentum in the home insurance market as an innovative solution designed to streamline and scale underwriting programs through AI-enabled automation,” said David Zona, senior vice president of commercial insurance, LexisNexis Risk Solutions.
“This helps insurance carriers eliminate manual, time-intensive processes and deliver property inspection information faster than traditional methods for new business and renewal. We’re excited to bring LexisNexis Flyreel to commercial property insurers to help them deliver more personalized customer experiences while more accurately segmenting individual property risk.”
Key features of LexisNexis Flyreel for commercial insurers are as follows:
AI-powered property inspections: Flyreel enables virtual property inspections with speed and accuracy, using AI to capture and analyze high-resolution video, imagery and data. This innovative technology helps insurers identify specific assets as well as potential hazards to assess property conditions more effectively.
Risk assessment and underwriting: Flyreel streamlines the risk assessment process and provides insurers with actionable insights to improve underwriting decisions, ultimately aiding in more accurate pricing and coverage decisions.
Efficiency and Cost Savings: By reducing the need for onsite inspections, Flyreel can significantly reduce operational costs while expediting policy issuance.
Customizable and Scalable: Carriers can tailor Flyreel to their specific needs, allowing for scalable implementation across various commercial insurance risks. Whether an insurer is focused on restaurants, farms, ranches, habitational or lessor’s risk, insurers can adapt Flyreel to individual requirements.
“Commercial insurers continue to tell us that profitability remains a challenge as rising costs from inflation and higher claim severity continue to negatively impact bottom lines – as well as the fact that carriers do not always have insight into the risks on their books,” said Zona. “Flyreel delivers more data for risk decisioning into underwriters’ hands faster, and in a practical and more convenient way. In this hard market, carriers who can acquire timely and accurate data insights to better segment risk stand to gain market share and improve returns on underwriting investment.”
Why green construction is needed to affordably increase housing supply
by Brendan Haley, Kevin Lockhart. Originally published on Policy Options
September 6, 2023
Canada needs more housing – especially affordable rental housing. This is the message from commentators such as Carolyn Whitzman and reports by the National Housing Accord and others on the housing crisis.
An often-quoted figure from a Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC) study suggests that Canada needs to build 5.8 million housing units to restore affordability by the end of 2030. That’s 3.5 million more units than what are currently being built now.
If the new construction is built to today’s minimum standards, each new home could become another source of greenhouse gas emissions. Homes that aren’t well-designed, insulated and air-sealed won’t protect people from extreme heat, forest fire smoke and other serious weather events associated with climate change.
Additionally, less-efficient buildings won’t be affordable, leaving owners and occupants vulnerable to rising energy and maintenance costs.
Most importantly, attempting to build inefficient buildings quickly is a dead end. New construction practices and techniques are needed and many of those changes make homes energy-efficient and climate-friendly.
Better sustainability, better productivity
Overall, requiring higher sustainability performance helps push the construction sector onto the higher productivity path that is needed to increase housing supply.
There is no evidence that making homes energy-efficient and climate-ready significantly increases costs. A thorough review found construction costs for the most efficient buildings average only three to four per cent more than building to minimum code requirements.
Early studies exploring the cost of building electrification show all-electric buildings constructed to net-zero energy-ready standards can be delivered for less than the average cost of similar code-minimum buildings. These marginal costs can be expected to fall further as high-performance construction becomes the norm.
The major problem is lagging productivity in the construction sector. If policymakers and the industry can’t fix this problem, attempting to scale up housing will result in higher construction costs, poor building performance for owners and occupants, more risk of cost overruns and project delays, as well as a boom-bust pattern that keeps workers away from careers in the trades.
Ten building techniques for net-zero buildings
Luckily, several construction practices and techniques build net-zero emission buildings while improving productivity. Here are 10 examples:
1. Pre-manufacturing building components in a factory and then transporting them to the construction site eliminates project interruptions and quality problems due to weather, while providing a comfortable and safe place for people to work. This method also ensures building components are airtight and continuously insulated for high energy-efficiency performance.
2. Integrated project management and delivery gets everyone involved in the design of construction projects and makes them take accountability for the entire building’s performance. This method uncovers ways to reduce costs and increase climate performance by working as an integrated team. For example, paying close attention to airtightness can avoid the need for more expensive and larger heating systems.
3. Designing buildings with simpler shapes makes them more energy-efficient and less prone to defects, while lowering the cost of both energy and materials.
4. Building green can attract a new generation of workers who are motivated by environmental sustainability and interested in using digital technologies.
5. Net-zero emission building codes and performance criteria for publicly financed housing can be part of a clear roadmap for the building sector to prepare supply chains to avoid future shortages and bottlenecks.
6. Building more homes in urban areas with ready access to services and amenities increases density and decreases the cost per home built, while giving people options to walk, bike and take transit. These buildings can use infrastructure already available. It also becomes possible to heat and power several buildings at once with energy-efficient district energy systems.
7. Electrified mid-rise construction eliminates natural gas distribution service costs, risks and scheduling problems. Constructing “missing middle” mid-rise buildings means using less-costly and lower-carbon wood instead of concrete or steel. These buildings also do not require energy-intensive elevators or onsite parking, which requires use of expensive and emissions-intensive concrete.
8. Sensors and smart technologies can alert construction site managers to water pipe leaks and material damage, which can increase costs and insurance premiums. After construction, these technologies optimize energy systems based on factors such as weather and the number of people in the building, providing information on how to improve future designs.
9. Building information modelling provides home designers with a low-cost, collaborative way to test construction designs, techniques and material options. Done in a virtual environment, it lowers cost and can increase energy efficiency.
10. Digital technologies also enable better tracking of materials, time and risks so construction managers can weigh costs and contingencies. This information can be used to reduce material wastage, improve safety and maximize energy efficiency. Smart contracts can track the environmental impact of building materials while reducing fraud and scheduling risks. Planning supply chains in response to demand promotes better access to sustainability-enhancing materials and services, with faster and more cost-effective delivery.
This is only a partial list, and new solutions are on the horizon.
These examples demonstrate that more green building solutions will expand housing supply. If our governments respond to the housing crisis by improving productivity as outlined above, they will achieve their goals while making new homes ready for a net-zero-emissions future. This can further prepare the construction sector for the larger task of dramatically accelerating the upgrade of existing buildings.
The policy response required to trigger these changes includes requiring higher net-zero performance building standards and an enhanced construction innovation strategy. This can be done by building on the work of the National Research Council, as well as local energy-efficiency partnerships and initiatives such as Natural Resources Canada’s codes acceleration fund.
To solve the housing crisis, policymakers need to pressure the construction industry to do things differently, which also presents an opportunity to adequately respond to the climate crisis.
This article first appeared on Policy Options and is republished here under a Creative Commons license.
Chinese architects have told Dezeen they are regularly working through the night while their pay plummets as the country’s property industry deals with a severe crisis.
Dezeen has spoken to more than 10 architects based in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Shenzhen who reported widespread layoffs, pay cuts and wage arrears in the industry in the past year.
“You are having a good day if you leave work before 10pm,” said Shuchun Yi (not her real name), a young architect and a former employee of state-owned firm Shenzhen General Institute of Architecture Design & Research (SZAD).
“I know some of my colleagues have worked until 3:00am consecutively for three months,” she added.
Yi no longer works at SZAD but was too scared to reveal her identity when speaking with Dezeen for fear of consequences when trying to find another job.
Spiralling developer debt and stalling projects
After a long period of booming urban development, China’s property industry is in turmoil, with developers struggling under spiralling debt and construction projects grinding to a halt.
The crisis is having a major impact on architecture firms, with once-reliable clients no longer commissioning projects.
Among 13 publicly listed architecture firms in China, only one saw revenue growth in the 2022 financial year.
The other 12 all had significant revenue dips, with Shanghai HYP-ARCH Architectural Design Consultant the worst performing, its turnover falling by 60.7 per cent.
One US-based architecture firm with a Shanghai office told Dezeen they have reduced the team’s headcount from around 100 to 30 due to a lack of projects.
Another overseas firm with an office in Shanghai admitted that falling revenues have caused it to curb recruitment, meaning existing staff are having to work longer hours.
Chinese architecture firms are struggling to land new projects as the country’s real-estate boom falters. Photo by Simbaxu. Top photo by Liao Xun/Getty Images
The story of SZAD serves as a useful illustration of the issues facing architecture studios in China.
Founded in 1982, SZAD has offices across the country, including in Shenzhen, Beijing, Chongqing and Wuhan.
Known for designing supertall buildings, it employed almost 3,700 people at its peak five years ago following a strong period of growth driven by China’s real-estate boom.
As China impressed the world with its unprecedented speed of urbanisation, developers demanded faster and faster design and construction times so they could quickly move on to the next project.
In 2013, SZAD signed a long-term strategic partnership with giant Chinese developer Evergrande that led to numerous large projects.
“Architects must reject the ‘follow your passion’ narrative and see ourselves as workers”
“The majority of the projects were residential and formulated, with architects only required to do minor tweaking on each project based on the standard structure that the client supplied,” said Xue Wei, another former SZAD employee (also not his real name).
“Normally it takes between 45 days to 60 days to finish a complete project drawing, but SZAD was able to reduce that time to 25 days,” he added.
“Sometimes, SZAD was even able to deliver a partial drawing of the project in two or three days to help the client speed up the construction.”
Wei claims he and his colleagues were regularly working overnight and rarely had weekend breaks to accommodate the demand for speed.
The obsession with quickly turning around projects resulted in architecture firms fighting to land new projects for lower fees or sometimes even risk not getting paid at all.
“Sometimes the project had already been delivered but the contract was never signed,” said Wei. “It would then be very difficult to get paid.”
Chinese magazine LifeWeek has previously reported similar issues at another state-owned architecture firm based in eastern China.
Employees would have to share the risks as well, as most large Chinese architecture firms use an unusual salary structure in which the contracted salary is set at minimum wage with the majority of income paid in project-related bonuses.
That means if the firm does not get paid for the project by the client, no relevant bonus is paid to the employee architects.
Many architects agreed to such payment arrangements without concern, because there was a consensus that the real-estate market would continue to boom and that the projects would keep coming.
The urban doom loop is creating a big issue in these areas. It is also spreading to other parts of the United States of America.
Experts are seeing a commercial real estate apocalypse that could wreck local tax revenue in the meantime.
The COVID-19 era has spread the increase of empty offices due to remote remote work. Now, many once-bustling commercial areas are slowly being deserted as workers operate from home.
Sometimes, when a major company slashes office space in mid-size cities, things change, including the threat that a downturn could become a ghost town.
Which companies are under threat?
the growing numbers of working-class people doing their work from home is leading companies like Milwaukee or Memphis are now rethinking their leases or pulling out of these deals more than before.
Landlords find it harder to attract new tenants as rates are climbing higher. Buildings also sell for less than they once used to. Business districts may dry up, with shoppers and tourists having no reasons to go there to patronize food sellers.
Some experts have describe the new threat as a “train wreck in slow motion.”
United Real Estate – a division of United Real Estate Group (UREG) – announced its merger with Virtual Properties Realty (VPR), the largest residential real estate brokerage in Greater Atlanta and the state of Georgia. VPR’s 14 locations and 3,700 agents close over $2.5 billion in annual sales. Both companies operate full-service, tech-enabled, next-generation real estate brokerages with 100%/fee-based agent commission models.
The timing of the merger corresponds to the completed deployment of United’s comprehensive Bullseye™ Agent & Brokerage Productivity Platform. This virtual platform utilizes proprietary SEO algorithms to identify, retain and convert business leads for its agents and brokerages across the country. Powered by a 1.8+ million listings data warehouse, it generates over 3 million monthly visitors to United’s websites and 30,000 leads per year.
“Steve Wagner and Karen Burks, co-founders of VPR, are early pioneers of the full-service, high agent compensation model and have continuously enhanced their agent support systems. As a result, they have grown faster and more consistently than any other brokerage in the Southeastern U.S.,” said Dan Duffy, CEO of United Real Estate Group. “While VPR’s size and market share were appealing, we were also attracted to the close alignment of our cultures and how VPR truly demonstrates their commitment to extraordinary agent and client outcomes,” added Duffy.
VPR attributes its consistently high growth rate to the delivery of high-quality client experiences accomplished through its enormous commitment to training and development of its growing sales force. The company provides unique professional coaching and mentoring programs in addition to providing over 500 in-person and virtual training programs each year.
“VPR’s alliance with United Real Estate turbocharges our 21-year mission of progressive growth,” stated Steve Wagner, Broker Owner/Co-Founder of VPR. “VPR just gained a strong national footprint and better capacity to deliver what is needed to propel us into our future,” he explained.
“Bringing our two organizations together accomplishes a major milestone in our company’s success. Joining a much larger organization with a strong national network provides tremendous growth opportunities for our agents and more services to our clients,” stated Karen Burks, Broker Owner/Co-Founder of VPR.
“The addition of VPR reflects our commitment to build United’s national footprint. To do so with this market-leading company and quality people like Steve, Karen and their team is especially rewarding,” stated Rick Haase, President of United Real Estate and Chief Operating Officer of United Real Estate Group. “VPR has created a culture of success by adapting quickly to the changing real estate landscape; an example of that is their successful approach to the emerging iBuyer business segment. Merging with United Real Estate simply accelerates the process of smart growth for both companies,” he added.
United Real Estate has a network of more than 100 offices, 10,500 agents and will close 48,000 transactions and $12 billion in real estate sales annually.
To learn more about United Real Estate, brokerage succession planning, brokerage valuation and sale or franchising opportunities, visit GrowWithUnited.com or call 972-885-8977.
Agents interested in learning about career opportunities with United Real Estate can visit JoinUnitedRealEstate.com or call 888-960-0606.
About United Real Estate
United Real Estate (URE) – a division of United Real Estate Group – was founded with the purpose of offering solutions to real estate brokers and agents in the rapidly changing real estate brokerage industry. URE provides the latest training, marketing and technology tools to agents and brokers under a 100%/fee-based agent commission model. By leveraging the company’s proprietary Bullseye™ Agent & Broker Productivity Platform, URE delivers a more profitable outcome for agents and brokers. United Real Estate operates in 24 states with more than 100 offices and over 10,500 agents.
About VPR
Virtual Properties Realty was founded in 1999 with a mission of providing excellence in agent education and growth. Through the leadership of Broker Owners/Co-Founders, Steve Wagner and Karen Burks, VPR has grown to become the largest, privately held brokerage in Greater Atlanta and the State of Georgia with 3,700 agents and 14 offices in Atlanta, Duluth, Grayson, Norcross, Buford, Gainesville, Demorest, Cumming, Peachtree City, Woodstock, Smyrna, Alpharetta, Watkinsville and Winder.
About United Real Estate Group
United Real Estate Group (UREG) operates United Real Estate and United Country Real Estate, addressing the unique market needs of suburban, major metropolitan urban and rural markets. Utilizing the Bullseye™ Agent & Broker Productivity Platform, UREG offers the latest training, marketing and technology tools producing a significant competitive advantage. The platform realizes a decade-long investment in virtual agent and brokerage technology services and is powered by a 1.8+ million listings data warehouse generating over 3 million monthly visitors and 30,000 leads per year. Together, the United Real Estate Group supports more than 600 offices and 16,000 real estate and auction professionals across four continents. Through its in-house advertising agency, UREG offers differentiating marketing support and collateral for specialized lifestyle property websites as well as access to a 650,000+ opt-in buyer database. For more information about United Real Estate or United Country Real Estate, please visit UnitedRealEstate.com or UnitedCountry.com.
New York has passed sweeping new laws that will close some legal loopholes that allowed the city’s 1 million rent-stabilized apartments to be deregulated and tenant protections bypassed.
State lawmakers are calling the legislation “the strongest tenant protections” in the history of the city, which is fabled for its cutthroat housing market.
The city’s budget depends heavily on property taxes generated by extremely high-value real estate, and that distorts local policy-making in ways that hurt everyday residents.
Between 2017 and 2018, 16 households in the Brooklyn borough of New York lost their homes each day on average. During that same period, 232,000 eviction notices were filed against tenants in the city’s five boroughs. Homelessness is at a record high.
Now, New York Mayor and Democratic presidential candidate Bill de Blasio says his administration has finally done the impossible. He calls the city’s new rent laws “a remarkable achievement that will halt displacement, harassment and unjust evictions.”
Powerful real estate lobbies make significant contributions to state political races and have successfully beaten back many past efforts to curb their profit margins in New York City.
Property taxes generated via New York City real estate have been a significant source of municipal revenue starting in the 1920s. In 2017 property taxes accounted for about 30% of the city’s $82 billion budget, which also includes income tax, state and federal grants and other smaller revenue streams.
This makes property taxes by far the largest single source of income for New York City’s government. The tax revenue has been critical to the city’s survival since the late 1970s, when New York dug itself out of bankruptcy by cultivating a high-end real estate market to restore its tax base.
As historian Adam Curtis explains in his 2015 BBC documentary “Hypernormalisation,” New York transitioned from hollowed-out metropolis to a glittering “city for the rich” in recent decades thanks to tax incentives given to developers – including Donald Trump – to build extremely high-value condos for millionaires and billionaires.
This has had a cascading effect across New York’s real estate market. A plot once priced to hold regular housing is now assessed based on its potential value as the site of high-end condos. Such real estate speculation fragments lower- and middle-class neighborhoods, leading to the expulsion of their residents into the ever-increasing fringes of the city: gentrification.
Unequal and opposing forces
New York is not unique among American cities in relying heavily on property tax to fund public services. Property taxes accounted for approximately 22% of Los Angeles’ budget last year and approximately 21% of Chicago’s.
What is unique is New York’s reliance on high-end real estate as the primary way to generate that property tax income. This dependency hurts not just the housing market but also the city’s ability to prepare for climate change, my research finds.
In March, New York Mayor Bill de Blasio announced a US$10 billion “plan to climate-proof lower Manhattan” – a slice of the city that is home to Wall Street, the Financial District and other swaths of high-value property.
Declaring climate change “the greatest threat to our survival,” de Blasio has called for extending lower Manhattan’s footprint into the surrounding waterways, establishing berms high enough to keep flood waters at bay.
“Six years ago, Hurricane Sandy slammed into New York City,” de Blasio wrote in a March op-ed in New York Magazine. “The storm put 51 square miles of it under water. Seventeen thousand homes were damaged or destroyed. Forty-four New Yorkers lost their lives.”
Many frustrated New Yorkers found the “our” in de Blasio’s concern for “our survival” rather confusing.
Of the 44 New Yorkers who died in Hurricane Sandy, only two lost their lives in lower Manhattan. Likewise, lower Manhattan makes up a minuscule piece of the 51 square miles of New York that was submerged during the storm.
The mayor’s resiliency plan doesn’t protect the most vulnerable people or places in New York, like Rockaway Beach, Queens and Dumbo, Brooklyn – it protects the most valuable part.
Residents and real estate are two unequal and opposing forces in City Hall. Caught between the interests of 9 million New Yorkers and the Financial District’s $60 billion worth of property, de Blasio – or any New York mayor – will always struggle to represent, to govern, the whole city.
To maintain its fiscal and structural health, the city government must protect its real estate developments that cater to the superwealthy. But to retain its social stability, livability and to survive climate change, it must protect its residents – significant numbers of whom are poor and working-class, not superrich.
Real resiliency
To meet the dual challenges of affordability and climate change, New York must wrest its financial livelihood from the grip of property taxes, restructuring its economy such that the city’s municipal finances – and by extension, governance – serve a broader array of interests and sectors.
This urban budgetary problem, which affects many cities worldwide to a greater or lesser degree, is one of the main subjects of my current research.
One of a few models I am investigating is that of Berlin, which in June voted in favor of passing a five-year rent freeze to suppress rapidly rising housing prices.
That means developers don’t hold the same financial or political sway in Berlin as they do in New York, and public services don’t depend on ever more $50 million condos getting built.
Identifying other cities that, like Berlin, have broad-based budgets may begin to shed light on ways New York could build a sustainable revenue model that will help it to untangle the isolated interests of property from the interests of the whole city.
In some coastal areas such as Hawaii and Florida, roughly one-tenth of all homes are expected to be underwater if sea levels rise by six feet. Zillow estimates that the value of homes at risk of being underwater is US$882 billion.
However, not everyone in the general public seems to agree about the future effects of climate change: In a Gallup survey from last year, 42 percent of Americans agreed that global warming will pose a serious threat to their way of life, while a hefty 57 percent disagreed.
Our recent research suggests that beliefs about the effects of projected climate change may impact real estate prices decades before the projected damages are expected to occur.
The valuation of a real estate asset depends on many parameters. The asset’s distance from the coast endows it with both scenic coastal views and inevitable exposure to coastal flooding.
Our study, published online on Sept. 11, explored how residential real estate prices are impacted by beliefs about climate change. Using a novel set of data, we were able to uncover a relationship between differences in beliefs about the occurrence and the effects of climate change – that is, the change in the long-term likelihood of adverse weather events – and the real estate valuation of the homes exposed to those risks.
We used a comprehensive data set on coastal home transaction prices in the U.S. that maps individual homes to future inundation projections, employing proprietary data from Zillow and scientific forecast data on sea levels from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. We matched this to survey data on U.S. population beliefs about climate change from the Yale Program on Climate Change.
We discovered that homes projected to be underwater sell for more in counties with more climate change deniers, relative to believers. In other words, houses projected to be underwater in “believer” neighborhoods tend to sell at a discount compared to houses in “denier” neighborhoods. One standard deviation increase in the fraction of believers leads to a 7 percent difference in the price of a home projected to be underwater.
With data like this, it’s important to figure out whether the results could have been influenced by other factors. What if beliefs about climate change are not correlated with other determinants of housing prices? For that reason, we controlled for a variety of house characteristics, including age, distance from the coast, lot size, number of bedrooms and parking, as well as regional characteristics such as average income, elevation and short-term flood risk.
Controlling for the distance from the coast is particularly important. All else being equal, most people prefer to live near the beach and will pay a premium to do so. That means houses more vulnerable to coastal flooding are more likely to have higher valuations due to their proximity to the coast. That can suggest a spurious relationship between homes being projected to be underwater and sales prices. But our analysis indicates there is a clear correlation.
Our study shows that disagreement about the occurrence and consequences of projected natural disasters may give rise to a valuation gap in U.S. real estate, decades before these disasters occur. This finding does not speak to whether climate change deniers or believers are wrong. But they cannot both be right. Whether their disagreement reflects expectations about climate risk or mitigation policies – such as coastal walls to prevent flooding – remains an open question.